Guhitamo iburyo bwa LED itanga isoko nimwe mubyemezo bikomeye uzafata kumushinga wawe wibimenyetso. Utanga isoko wahisemo azagena ubuziranenge, imikorere, hamwe nigihe kirekire - igihe cyo kwizerwa cya ecran yerekana, kimwe nigiciro cyo kubungabunga no kugaruka kubushoramari. Hamwe n’amajana n’abakora n’amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi bahatanira ubucuruzi bwawe - cyane cyane mu karere ka Shenzhen mu Bushinwa, aho usanga ecran ya LED ikorera mu mucyo ituruka - gutandukanya umufatanyabikorwa wizerwa n’akaga gakomeye bisaba ubumenyi bwimbitse mu nganda.
Gusobanukirwa Ibibanza bitanga isoko
Inganda ya LED ibonerana ifite ubwoko butatu butandukanye bwabatanga isoko, kandi kubitiranya bishobora kugutwara ibihumbi.
Ababikoraibikoresho byawe bwite, kugenzura inzira zose zakozwe, kandi utange ibiciro byiza, amahitamo yihariye, hamwe no kugenzura ubuziranenge. Barashobora gutanga ingendo zinganda, igihe ntarengwa cyo gukora, hamwe nubufasha bwa tekinike.Ubucuruzikora nkumuhuza hagati yawe ninganda. Bamwe bongerera agaciro binyuze mu gushakisha ubumenyi no kugenzura ubuziranenge, abandi bagaragaza ibiciro badatanze serivisi zifatika. Ibigo byubucuruzi bikunze guhagararira inganda nyinshi kandi ntibishobora kuba bifite ubumenyi bwimbitse kubicuruzwa bagurisha.Abafatanyabikorwa ba OEM / ODMgukora ibicuruzwa munsi yikirango cyawe cyangwa uhindure ibishushanyo bihari kubisobanuro byawe. Iyi mibanire isaba ingano nini ariko itanga igenzura ryinshi kubicuruzwa.
Tangira naurutonde rwibicuruzwa. Abahinguzi nyabo bazobereye mubyiciro byibicuruzwa.
Kugenzura urugandana byo bifite akamaro. Saba videwo nzima yikigo gitanga umusaruro. Abahinguzi nyabo bazakwereka imirongo ya SMT, ibyumba byo gupima bishaje, hamwe na sitasiyo yo kugenzura ubuziranenge nta gutindiganya. Ibigo byubucuruzi byerekana amashusho rusange yububiko, gutanga urwitwazo kuri "politiki yumutekano," cyangwa kunanirwa kwitabira byimazeyo guhamagarwa.
Baza ibibazo birambuye bya tekinike kubyerekeranye na LED chip packaging, ibinyabiziga bya IC, cyangwa PCB ibisobanuro byihariye. Ababikora nyabo basubiza bizeye nibisobanuro birambuye. Ibigo byubucuruzi bitanga ibisubizo bidasobanutse cyangwa bikeneye "kugenzura nitsinda ryabo tekinike" hanyuma bikakugarukira mumunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.
Kubatanga Ubushinwa byumwihariko, saba ibyabouruhushya rwubucuruzihanyuma urebe niba urwego rwubucuruzi rwanditse rurimo "umusaruro" cyangwa "gukora," ntabwo "kugurisha" cyangwa "gucuruza."
Ubumenyi bw'ingenzi
Abaguzi bakunze kuganira cyane kubiciro, bakumva banyuzwe naya masezerano, hanyuma ntibatekereza ko bemeye kumanura ibice -.
LED Chips: Aho Amafaranga Yawe Ajya
LED chips ibara hafi kimwe cya gatatu cyibiciro bya ecran - rimwe na rimwe birenze - kandi bigena neza urumuri, ibara ryukuri, igihe cyo kubaho, nigipimo cyo gutsindwa. Aha ntabwo ari ahantu ho guca inguni.
Hejuru yisoko, ufiteCreekuva muri Amerika naNichiaukomoka mu Buyapani. Ihame ridasanzwe, guhuza amabara, kuramba - ariko bigura inshuro 3 - inshuro 5 kurenza ibicuruzwa byo hejuru byabashinwa, bigatuma ibiciro bya ecran byose bizamuka biva aho. Gusa agace gato k'abaguzi bahitamo izo chip. Ibi mubisanzwe byerekana sitidiyo, ibyubatswe byohejuru byubatswe, cyangwa ububiko bwibicuruzwa byamamaye kubirango byiza. Imishinga aho ingengo yimari hafi yo gutekereza.
Abandi bose bajyanaIgihugu. Bashinzwe mu 1969, bamenyekanye nk'isosiyete yizewe ya LED yizewe cyane mu Bushinwa. Chipe zabo ntizigeze zihura nibintu byingenzi bifite ireme. Mu nganda aho abatanga ibicuruzwa babura ijoro ryose kandi ibicuruzwa bikananirwa ku buryo butangaje, iyo nyandiko yerekana ikintu runaka.
Kandi iki nikintu abatanga isoko batazitanga - Nationstar itanga amanota atatu yimbere. UwitekaUrutonde rwa RS (Reestar)ni muremure - umurongo wanyuma hamwe nubwubatsi bwa zahabu, bitanga umucyo mwinshi kandi uhamye. UwitekaUrutonde rwa FMyicaye hagati - kugeza - hejuru - iherezo, iracyari insinga ya zahabu ariko igiciro cyinshi. UwitekaNH Urukurikiraneikoresha insinga z'umuringa kandi yerekana ibyinjira - urwego Igihugu cyiza. Mugihe utanga isoko avuga ko akoresha "Nationstar LEDs," burigihe ubaze: ni uruhe ruhererekane? Umugozi wa zahabu cyangwa insinga z'umuringa? Igiciro nigitandukaniro hagati ya RS na NH ni byinshi.
Kinglightiguha byinshi mubikorwa bya Nationstar ku giciro cyo hasi - uko hasi cyane biterwa nisoko ryubu hamwe nuburyo bwo kuganira. Nuburyo bwemewe kubucuruzi rusange bwerekana aho imbogamizi zihari. Gusa shiraho ibyifuzo bifatika - ibibazo bito bikunze kugaragara nyuma yimyaka myinshi yo gukomeza gukora. Ntabwo gutsindwa byanze bikunze, gutembera kwamabara, kumurika gake kwangirika, ibintu nkibyo.
Ibiranga ingengo yimari nkaMulinsennaHongshengkubaho. Ntabwo zifite inenge kuri buri mwanya, ariko izi chip zifite igipimo kinini cyo kunanirwa no guhuza ibara rito. Abatanga isoko bakoresha ibyo bice barushanwa gusa kubiciro. Rimwe na rimwe, nibyiza - niba ukora installation yigihe gito cyangwa umushinga aho ecran izasimburwa mumyaka ibiri uko byagenda kose, birashoboka ko byumvikana.
Sisitemu yo kugenzura
Novastaryicaye hejuru. Kuvugurura ibipimo bigera kuri 7,680Hz, gutunganya imvi zidasanzwe, gutunganya urusobe rwibinyabuzima byuzuye, ultra - ubukererwe buke. Nibyo sitidiyo yo gutangaza hamwe nibigo bikoresha. Hariho prium, ariko kubutumwa - porogaramu zikomeye aho kamera zifata ibyerekanwa cyangwa ibibazo byerekana ibimenyetso ntibyemewe, birakwiye gushorwa. Abaguzi bagera kuri 20-25% bajya muriyi nzira.
Abaguzi benshi barangizaIbara, kandi mubisanzwe guhamagarwa kwiza. Byakoreshejwe neza muburyo butandukanye bwimishinga - gukodesha icyiciro, kwerekana ibicuruzwa, kwerekana ibyerekanwa, hagati - ibyabaye. Igipimo cyo kugarura ubuyanja no gutunganya ibara ryinshi birakomeye, ibimenyetso bihamye mugihe cya 24/7 bikora nibyiza, kandi intera irababarira bihagije ko umutekinisiye wabigenewe adasabwa kuyikoresha. Kubikorwa bisanzwe byubucuruzi, Ibara ryamabara hafi ya yose ihitamo.
Noneho harihoLinsn. Amahitamo yingengo yimari, shingiro ryizewe. Ikora ibyo ikora - gusimbuza umurage sisitemu, yerekana ahanini ibintu bihagaze, kandi bidasaba ibintu byateye imbere, ikora neza. Gusa ntuteze gutangazwa.
Umuburo umwe utitaye kubyo wahisemo: vuga ikirango mumasezerano yawe yo kugura. Abatanga ibicuruzwa bazwiho kuvuga ibiciro bya Novastar no gutanga sisitemu ya Linsn.
Umushoferi IC hamwe nibikoresho byamashanyarazi
Abaguzi bahangayikishijwe na chip ya LED birengagiza umushoferi IC.
Umushoferi ICkugenzura urumuri rwa LED kugiti cye nibisohoka. Amahitamo yo hejuru kuvaMBI (Macroblock), Chipone, cyangwaICNtanga ibara ryiza rya grascale, uburyo bwiza bugezweho, gukoresha ingufu nke, no kugabanya ubushyuhe. Itandukaniro riri hagati ya - biti na hepfo - biti ibara ryerekana ibara ryukuri rigaragara mumaso yubusa.
Amashanyaraziikintu kirenze abantu benshi bamenya - birinda guhindagurika, umucyo uhamye, kandi birinda kwangirika kwamashanyarazi.Bivuze nezakuva muri Tayiwani ni igipimo cya zahabu.Chuanglianni Ubushinwa bwizewe.G - Ingufuni Byamamare muri LED Kugaragaza Porogaramu. Irinde ibikoresho bitavuzwe izina cyangwa rusange rusange - birananirana imburagihe kandi birashobora gufata ibindi bice hasi hamwe nabo.
Kugenzura Icyemezo
Ku isoko ryiburayi ukeneyeIkimenyetso cya CE. Kwubahiriza RoHSikubiyemo ibikoresho byangiza. Isoko ryo muri Amerika rirasabaIcyemezo cya FCC. TÜVni ubushake butwara uburemere nkagatatu - kugenzura ishyaka.ISO 9001ikubiyemo sisitemu yo gucunga neza. Niba kandi ibicuruzwa bigurishwa mubushinwa,Icyemezo cya CCCBireba. Ntabwo buri mushinga ukenera ibyo byose - kugirango umenye ibikenewe ku isoko ryawe kandi ubigenzure neza.
Kugirango ugenzure neza ibi: hamagara urwego rutanga muburyo butaziguye. Amashyirahamwe menshi atanga ibyemezo abika amakuru yububiko. Reba neza amazina yisosiyete, aderesi, nibicuruzwa bihuye. Saba hejuru - ibisubizo byerekana kwerekana nomero yicyemezo n'amatariki yemewe. Kugura byinshi, tekereza gutanga akaziSGS, TÜV, cyangwaIntertekkugenzura ibyangombwa kurubuga - kurubuga.
Isuzuma rya Alibaba
Imiterere ya Zahabuigura amadolari ibihumbi byinshi buri mwaka, byerekana ubushake. Abatekamutwe muri rusange ntibazashora amafaranga. Ariko abatanga zahabu bazwiho gutanga ibicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge. Ikarita isobanura ko bishyuye amafaranga, ntabwo ari iyo kwizerwa. UwitekaAgakarita gatanga isokoyerekana an kuri - kugenzura urubuga rugenzura ubucuruzi buriho kuri aderesi yanditse. Ibimenyetso byiza, biracyari garanti yubwiza bwibicuruzwa.
Imyaka Mubucuruziibintu birenze ibyo abantu babitekereza. Abatanga isoko 5+ imyaka munsi yizina ryisosiyete imwe bagaragaza ituze. Abatekamutwe bakunda kubura mumyaka 1 - 2 hanyuma bakongera kwiyandikisha mumazina mashya. Reba itariki yo kwiyandikisha, ntabwo ari ibyo umwirondoro usaba.Ubwishingizi bw'Ubucuruziitanga uburinzi bwo kwishyura niba abatanga isoko bananiwe kubahiriza amatariki yoherejwe cyangwa ubuziranenge.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge
Mbere yumusaruro, saba ibyangombwa bya LED chip chip, moderi ya IC, ibirango bitanga amashanyarazi, nibisobanuro bya PCB. Shyiramo ibi mumasezerano yawe ningingo zibihano byo gusimburwa. Kubisabwa byingenzi, saba ibyitegererezo mbere yo gutanga umusaruro wuzuye.
Kuriubugenzuzi bw'uruganda{0} Reba icyumba gisukuye cyangwa umukungugu - ahantu hateranira. Sisitemu yo kugenzura ubushyuhe nubushuhe. Kubika ibice byateguwe hamwe nibirango bikwiye. Imirongo igezweho ya SMT. Kuruhande rwibizamini, reba ibyumba byo gupima LED bishaje, urumuri nibikoresho bipima amabara, hejuru - ibikoresho byo gupima umutekano wa voltage, hamwe nubushobozi bwo gupima ubushyuhe.
Mbere - ibipimo byo kohereza ibicuruzwa: ecran igomba guhura nimbaraga - mugupima byibuze amasaha 72 - ababikora bamwe bakora igihe kirekire. Uburinganire bwuburinganire bugomba kuba hejuru, mubisanzwe 95% cyangwa byiza. Ubushyuhe bwamabara bugomba kugabanuka murwego rwerekanwe kubucuruzi, mubisanzwe ahantu hafi 6.500K gutanga cyangwa gufata. Ikigereranyo cyo gutandukanya giterwa na progaramu yawe - nziza - ibicuruzwa byikibanza bigomba gukubita umubare munini cyane kuruta ibyashizweho bisanzwe. Inganda zinganda zemerera tekinike nke zapfuye kuri 10,000, ariko abatanga ubuziranenge batanga hafi - zeru zapfuye.
Ku mafaranga akomeye,ibigo by'ubugenzuzi bw'umwugabifite agaciro. SGS, TÜV, na Intertek nabakinnyi bakomeye. Ibiciro biratandukana bitewe nurwego nubunini - ingengo yimari amajana make kumunsi wo kugenzura wongeyeho ingendo.
Igiciro
Moderi ya LED ubwayo irya bije yawe - mubisanzwe hejuru ya kimwe cya kabiri. Sisitemu yo kugenzura, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, imiterere yinama y'abaminisitiri, gupakira, no kohereza bigabanije ibisigaye muburyo butandukanye bitewe nuburyo bwihariye ugana.
Ibiciro byisoko byubu bihora bihindagurika, dore imyumvire ikabije yimiterere. Ibyibanze byimbere mu nzu hamwe na pigiseli nini nini niyo yinjira cyane. Mugihe wimutse kuri pigiseli nziza, ibiciro bizamuka cyane - rimwe na rimwe bikuba kabiri cyangwa byinshi. Hanze ya ecran yo hanze itegeka premium kurenza ibingana murugo bitewe nibisabwa birinda ikirere. Ibicuruzwa bya Holographique nibidasanzwe bicara hejuru yisoko.
Buri gihe wemeze niba ibivugwa birimo ibicuruzwa byoherejwe na gasutamo, kugenzura ibyuma bya sisitemu nimpushya za software, ubuyobozi bwo kwishyiriraho, kugabana ibice byabigenewe, ibikoresho byamahugurwa, hamwe nubwishingizi. Amagambo yasaga nkayahiganwa yamenyekanye kuri ballon iyo "inyongera" zose zimaze kongerwaho.
Uburyo bwo kuganira: amabwiriza manini mubisanzwe yujuje ibisabwa kugirango agabanuke, nubwo urwego rutandukana nuwabitanze. Niba ingengo yimari idahwitse, muganire ku gukoresha Kinglight aho gukoresha LEDs ya Nationstar, cyangwa Ibara ryamabara aho gukoresha sisitemu yo kugenzura Novastar. Gusa wumve gucuruza. Amasezerano yo kwishyura asanzwe akubiyemo kubitsa imbere, ikindi gice mbere yo koherezwa, hamwe n'amafaranga asigaye nyuma yo kwemererwa - gutandukana neza birashoboka.
Ibendera ritukura. Ubucuruzi bwemewe n’abashinwa bukoresha konti za banki mu mabanki akomeye - ICBC, Banki y’Ubushinwa, Banki y’ubuhinzi y’Ubushinwa, Banki y’Ubushinwa. Gusaba konti yawe bwite ni ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo kuburira.
Nyuma ya - Serivisi yo kugurisha
Mugaragaza LED ibonerana bisaba gukomeza kubungabungwa. Suzuma nyuma - ubushobozi bwo kugurisha mbere yuko ubikenera.
Garanti isanzwekuva mubakora ibyamamare bakora imyaka 2-3, bitwikiriye inenge yibikoresho bya elegitoronike. LED modules, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura byose bigomba kubamo. Ibyangijwe no kwishyiriraho bidakwiye, ingufu ziyongera, cyangwa ibidukikije mubisanzwe ntabwo byateganijwe. Kubikorwa byubucuruzi, vugana nigihe cyashubijwe-amasaha 24-48 yo kwisuzumisha kure, icyumweru cyangwa bibiri kubice bisimburwa. Sobanukirwa uburyo garanti isaba ikora mubikorwa. Kohereza mpuzamahanga ibice byasimbuwe birashobora gufata ibyumweru hamwe no gutinda kwa gasutamo.
Dore inama yakijije abaguzi benshi kubabara umutwe:gura module yinyongera hamwe na progaramu yawe yumwimerere- ahantu runaka muri 5 - 10% bitewe nubunini bwubushakashatsi kandi birashoboka birashoboka. Ibi biguha ubushobozi bwo gusimbuza ako kanya kandi bikwemeza amabara kuva aho bikozwe mubice bimwe. Kugerageza inkomoko ihuza module nyuma yimyaka ibiri ni inzozi-zitanga umusaruro uratandukanye gato, kandi moderi zahagaritswe zagiye burundu.
Emeza abatanga isoko bazakomezaibice byabigenewe birahariya 5+ imyaka. Bamwe mubakora ibicuruzwa bahagarika ibicuruzwa vuba, bigatuma abakiriya bahagarara. Ganira ibice byabigenewe ibiciro imbere kugirango wirinde ibiciro mugihe wihebye.
Inyandiko ya tekinikiibibazo: ubuyobozi bwo kwishyiriraho, kugenzura imfashanyigisho za sisitemu, uburyo bwo guhitamo, kuyobora ibibazo. Inkunga ya kure irahari. Itandukanyirizo ryigihe hamwe nabashoramari b'Abashinwa bigora - igihe nyacyo - niba uri muri Amerika ya ruguru cyangwa mu Burayi, fata ibi. Bamwe mu batanga amasoko mpuzamahanga bakomeza abafatanyabikorwa baho, bifasha cyane.
Kugabanya ingaruka no gukumira uburiganya
Bait hanyuma uhindureni ikibazo gikunze kugaragara. Ibice bya premium byavuzwe, abasimbuye hasi batanzwe. Kwirinda: vuga ibirango byose hamwe nibitegererezo mumasezerano hamwe ningingo zibihano. Kora pre - kugenzura ibyoherejwe.
Isosiyete yibinyomakubaho. Abatekamutwe bashiraho urubuga rwumwuga kubigo bitari -. Kugenzura iyandikwa ryubucuruzi. Saba ingendo za videwo. Tangira hamwe namabwiriza mato yo kugerageza.Kongera kwishurabibaho mugihe abatekamutwe bigana abatanga isoko kandi bagasaba kwishyura kuri konti zitandukanye. Kugenzura amakuru yishyuwe ukoresheje nimero ya terefone izwi, ntabwo imeri. Ntuzigere wishyura konti zawe.
Kwangirika kwiza mugihe runakani inoze. Ibicuruzwa byambere byujuje ibisobanuro, ibyakurikiyeho bikoresha ibice bihendutse iyo ikizere kimaze gushingwa. Saba ubugenzuzi burigihe kandi ukomeze ibisobanuro bigize amasezerano akomeje.
Mbere yo kwiyemeza gutanga isoko: genzura uruhushya rwubucuruzi, Kubaho Uruganda binyuze mumashusho ya videwo cyangwa ubugenzuzi bwa gatatu -, kugenzura ibyemezo byukuri, gusaba no kuvugana nabakiriya, shakisha izina ryisosiyete ukoresheje "uburiganya" cyangwa "ibirego" kumurongo, tangira ukoresheje ibyemezo bito byo kugerageza, ukoreshe uburyo bwo kwishyura bwizewe hamwe no kurinda abaguzi.
Ibyingenzi by'amasezerano
Amasezerano yawe nuburinzi bwawe bwonyine mugihe ibintu bitagenze neza.
Tangira naIbisobanuro- kandi ndashaka kuvuga ibisobanuro byuzuye. Funga ikirangantego cya LED numero nyayo yicyitegererezo, ntabwo "Nationstar" gusa ahubwo "Nationstar RS Series" cyangwa ibyo wemeye byose. Kimwe kijya kubashoferi IC, sisitemu yo kugenzura, nibikoresho bitanga ingufu. Shyiramo pigiseli ya pigiseli, urwego rwumucyo, igipimo cyo kugarura ubuyanja, ijanisha ryumucyo, nubunini bwabaminisitiri kugeza kuri milimetero. Niba bigufitiye akamaro, ni mumasezerano.
Ibipimo byubuziranengebakeneye amenyo. Sobanura igipimo ntarengwa cyemewe cya pigiseli yapfuye - Ndasaba kwihanganira zeru. Kugaragaza uburinganire busabwa (95% cyangwa burenga), urwego rwihanganira ubushyuhe bwamabara, nuburyo bwo kwipimisha bizakorwa. Ninde ukora ikizamini? Ni ibihe bikoresho? Bigenda bite iyo binaniwe?
Amagambo yo gutangaigomba kukurinda gutinda kutagira iherezo. Andika igihe ntarengwa cyo gutanga umusaruro, vuga uburyo bwo kohereza, shiraho igihe ntarengwa cyo gutanga, kandi - ibi nibyingenzi - harimo ingingo zibihano byo gutinda. Ikintu nka 0.5-1% byagaciro byamasezerano buri cyumweru cyo gutinda biha ababitanga gushishikarira gukubita amatariki yabo.
Imiterere yaweingengabihe yo kwishyurahafi y'ibikorwa ushobora kugenzura. Gutandukana bisanzwe bishobora kuba 30% kubitsa, 30% nyuma yo kugenzura umusaruro, na 40% nyuma yo gutanga no kwipimisha. Ntuzigere wishyura igice cyanyuma kugeza wemeje ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisobanuro. Abatanga isoko basubiza inyuma kuriyi miterere bazunguza ibendera ritukura.
Amagambo ya garantidukwiye kwitabwaho kuruta abaguzi benshi babaha. Vuga igihe cyo gukwirakwiza, ibirimo n'ibikubiyemo, igihe cyo gusubiza, hamwe nuburyo nyabwo bwo gutanga ibirego. Shaka utanga isoko kwiyemeza kubika ibice byibuze imyaka itanu.
Hanyuma, vuga uko bigenda iyo ibintu bitagenze neza. Kugaragazakugenga amategeko, inzira y'ubukemurampaka, naububasha. Kubatanga ibicuruzwa byabashinwa, umva ko kubahiriza amasezerano kumipaka mpuzamahanga bigoye kandi bihenze.
Gusuzuma abatanga imyitozo
Iyo ugereranije abatanga ibicuruzwa, ibintu byuburemere ukurikije umushinga wawe ukeneye. Sitidiyo yerekana ishyira imbere ibiciro bishya hamwe nukuri kwamabara kuruta ibindi byose. Urunigi rwo gucuruza rwita cyane kubiciro byose bya nyirubwite no kubungabunga byoroshye. Kwishyiriraho ibyabaye byigihe gito birashobora guhitamo neza kubiciro. Menya icyangombwa kumushinga wawe mbere yuko utangira gutanga amanota.
Ubwiza bwibigizebifite akamaro kuruta ibindi bintu byinshi - nibyo ugura mubyukuri.Ubushobozi bwo gukoranibikorwa byo kugenzura ubuziranenge biza gukurikira.Impamyabumenyiikibazo cyo kubahiriza ntukubwire byinshi kubijyanye nubwiza bwibicuruzwa.Igicirobiragaragara ko ari ngombwa, ariko ufate amakenga make ibiciro nkibimenyetso byo kuburira aho kuba amahirwe.Nyuma ya - serivisi yo kugurishaihinduka kunegura mugihe ikintu kitagenda neza.
Inzira ifatika: tangira ukuraho abatanga isoko badashobora kugenzura ubushobozi bwo gukora cyangwa ibyemezo. Gereranya ibice bigize ibice bisigaye. Shakisha ibisobanuro birambuye kubantu benshi babishoboye - bitatu kugeza kuri bitanu mubisanzwe biguha icyerekezo gihagije cyisoko. Menyesha abakiriya bariho kubakandida bawe bakuru hanyuma usure ibyashizweho niba bishoboka. Tangira utumenyetso duto mbere yo kwiyemeza gukomeye.
